Doctoral Dissertation: Sources of Power among Mapuche (Araucanian) Chiefdoms in South-Central Chile (A. D. 1500-1900)

在Tom D. Dillehay博士的指导下，Ricardo Fernandez先生将为他的博士论文收集数据。他将在智利中南部的一个小地方帕尔金河谷进行调查和有限的挖掘。这次调查的目的是定位和恢复马普切人在公元1500年至1900年期间史前权力和权威的出现和发展的考古特征。马普切人，又称阿劳卡尼亚人，在新大陆上是独一无二的，因为他们长期成功地抵抗了外来入侵。从16世纪初到19世纪80年代，马普切人不仅成功地抵抗了印卡人、西班牙人和智利军队的进攻，而且还在阿根廷的大片地区扩大了自己的影响力。此外，这一时期见证了一个独立的、文化繁荣的马普切政治实体的发展。与此同时，这一时期的特点是强大而富有的酋长崛起并巩固了他们的权力。最近的调查表明，在前工业社会中，主要的政治权力可以从军事、经济和/或意识形态来源获得。帕尔金山谷面积约30公里，为研究主要权力和权威的考古特征提供了绝佳的机会。民族历史文献和初步考古调查表明，在这个小地方，一些当地的马普切酋长作为战争领袖获得了强大的地位，另一些人作为仪式管理者，还有一些人作为激烈的商业和贸易的推动者和受益者。目前尚不清楚这些人掌权的时间和环境。为了调查这些问题，将对山谷进行考古调查，并结合地面文物收集和选定地点的有限挖掘。预计这将导致土丘的位置和年代，相关的仪式场地和精英埋葬，带有意识形态权力来源的标志。同样，它将导致对堡垒、瞭望台以及可能是军事来源的死亡证据的鉴定和确定年代。此外，它将记录外来和其他贵重材料在家庭和墓葬环境中的统计显著差异分布，表明使用经济来源的权力。此外，还将揭示使用这些能源的时间和背景证据。这将需要将考古证据与民族历史和民族志数据进行比较和对比，以及精确的放射性碳和热释光定年。最后，这将表明酋长何时开始获得权力和权威，这一过程是如何发展的，权力的来源是什么，以及在什么情况下他们被选择，合并或放弃。除了阐明主要权力和权威在地方层面的出现和发展之外，这项研究还可能揭示马普切政治权威和权力在智利中南部类似地区发展的更广泛情况。在更普遍的层面上，这项研究将使人类学家和民族历史学家更好地理解可能在史前和早期历史中美洲其他地方的中等水平社会中起作用的类似过程。

Under the direction of Dr. Tom D. Dillehay, Mr. Ricardo Fernandez will collect data for his doctoral dissertation. He will survey and conduct limited excavations in the Palguin River Valley, a small locale in south-central Chile. The purpose of this investigation is to locate and recover the archaeological signatures for the emergence and development of prehistoric power and authority among the Mapuche people during the period from A.D. 1500 to 1900.The Mapuche, or Araucanians, are virtually unique in the New World for their long and successful resistance to foreign invasion. From the early 1500s to the 1880s, the Mapuche not only managed to resist the advance of Inka, Spanish, and Chilean armies, but actually expanded their own influence over large areas of Argentina. Moreover, this period witnessed the development of an independent, culturally thriving Mapuche political entity. Concomitantly, this period was characterized by powerful, wealthy chiefs rising to and consolidating their power.Recent investigations suggest that in pre-industrial societies, chiefly political power could be obtained from military, economic, and/or ideological sources. The Palguin valley, an area of approximately 30 km, offers an excellent opportunity for investigating the archaeological signatures of chiefly power and authority. Ethnohistorical documents and preliminary archaeological investigations suggest that in this small locale, some local Mapuche chiefs achieved their powerful positions as war leaders, others as ritual administrators, and others as promoters and beneficiaries of intense commerce and trade. Not yet known are the timing and circumstances of these individuals' rise to power. To investigate these issues, an archaeological survey of the valley will be executed, combined with a surface collection of artifacts and limited excavations of selected sites. It is expected that this will result in the location and dating of mounds, associated ceremonial fields, and elite burials, bearing the marks of ideological sources of power. Likewise, it will result in the identification and dating of forts, look-outs, and perhaps mortuary evidence of military sources. Furthermore, it will document the statistically significant differential distribution of exotic and other prestige materials in both domestic and burial contexts, suggesting the use of economic sources of power. In addition, the temporal and contextual evidence for the use of these sources of power will be revealed. This will demand comparing and contrasting archaeological evidence to ethnohistorical and ethnographic data, as well as precise radiocarbon and thermoluminiscence dating. Eventually, this will suggest when chiefs began to obtain power and authority, how this process developed, what the sources of power were, and under what circumstances were they selected, combined, or abandoned.Besides illuminating the emergence and development of chiefly power and authority at the local level, this study may reveal the broader circumstances under which Mapuche political authority and power developed in similar areas throughout south-central Chile. At a more general level, this research will allow anthropologists and ethnohistorians to gain a better understanding of similar processes that may have been at work in prehistoric and early historic intermediate-level societies elsewhere in the Americas.