Interregional Trade and the Development of Archaic States

在美国国家科学基金会的支持下，查尔斯·斯坦尼什、迈克尔·莫斯利、瑞安·威廉姆斯和一个国际学者小组将在秘鲁南部的海岸和高地之间进行考古调查。该小组由美国和秘鲁的研究人员组成，他们具有考古学、民族历史和地理信息系统方面的专业知识，他们将评估安第斯山脉最早各州的贸易和交流性质。这次调查将考察位于秘鲁莫克瓜的古代蒂瓦纳库州殖民地和位于玻利维亚的的的喀喀湖盆地的首都之间鲜为人知的地区。这条长达250公里的区域穿越了美洲最崎岖的地形，海拔超过5000米。研究将集中在公元500年到1000年之间，当这些国家首次出现时，古代国家是如何维持与遥远前哨的贸易路线的。它还准备将早期国家时期的道路和车站等国家基础设施投资与更著名的印加帝国以及更早的文化群体，如普卡拉和古老的狩猎采集者进行比较。考古队将围绕两个牧场资源丰富的地区和历史十字路口进行全面的考古调查。他们还将调查从航空图像中探测到的大部分道路，以确定定居点和使用日期的特征。他们的目标是确定正式的道路和车站是否是最早的国家基础设施的一部分，或者在蒂瓦纳库时期，连接分散定居点的非正式道路是否是常态。这项调查的结果将告诉我们，最早的古代国家是如何向心脏地带以外的地区扩张的，以及它们是如何在数百年的时间里与遥远的殖民地保持联系的。该研究项目将对殖民地企业与其心脏地带之间的联系产生新的见解。它创新了一种新的方法，使用计算机模型和地理网络分析来调查大型考古区域。因此，该计划的智力价值将使研究人员能够研究古代国家如何整合其领土并保持长距离货物和服务的流动。这项研究的更广泛影响包括促进美国和秘鲁学者之间的国际合作，培训两国学生，并通过两国的博物馆和公众宣传建立科学理解。它将集中在秘鲁高地的一个鲜为人知的地区，这可能会产生许多新的研究项目和有待回答的问题。它还将帮助我们更好地理解大规模人类社会与其对环境的影响之间的关系。

With National Science Foundation support, Drs. Charles Stanish, Michael Moseley, Ryan Williams, and an international team of scholars will conduct an archaeological survey between the coast and highlands of southern Peru. The team is constituted of U.S. and Peruvian researchers with expertise in archaeology, ethnohistory, and GIS who will assess the nature of trade and exchange in the earliest Andean states. The survey will examine the little known region between the best-documented colony of the ancient Tiwanaku state in Moquegua, Peru and its capital in the Titicaca Basin of Bolivia. This 250 kilometer zone crosses some of the most rugged terrain in the Americas, climbing over 5000 meters in elevation. The research will focus on how ancient states maintained trade routes with far flung outposts in the period between 500 and 1000 AD when these polities first emerged. It will also be poised to compare investments in state infrastructure like roads and way stations from the early state period with the better-known Inca empire as well as preceding cultural groups like Pukara and the archaic hunter-gatherers.The team will conduct full-scale archaeological survey around two areas with extensive pasture resources and at historical crossroads. They will also survey extensive portions of paths detected from aerial imagery to identify settlements and features that date their use. Their goal is to determine whether formal roads and way stations were part of the earliest state infrastructure, or if only informal paths connecting dispersed settlements was the norm during the Tiwanaku Period. The results of the survey will tell us how the earliest archaic states managed to expand beyond their heartlands and how they maintained connections with distant colonies over the course of hundreds of years.The research program will yield new insights into the ties that bind colonial enterprises to their heartlands. It innovates a new methodology that uses computer models and geographic network analysis to survey large archaeological regions. The intellectual merit of the program will thus enable researchers to examine how archaic states integrate their territories and maintain the flow of goods and services over long distances.The broader impacts of the study include fostering international collaboration between U.S. and Peruvian scholars, training students from both countries, and building scientific understanding through museums and public outreach in both nations. It will focus on a poorly understood area in the highlands of Peru that may yield many new research programs and questions to be answered. It will also help us to better understand the relationship between large-scale human societies and their impacts on environment.