The Construction of an Historic South American Composite State

“国家”或“政体”一词，根据早期学术研究，一般强调停滞和它的参考一个特定的和特别复杂的“类型”的复杂社会，继续保证在考古学的关键披露。尽管在理解早期国家发展方面取得了这些进展，但人们对特定的半自治到自治领土是如何以及为什么被更高形式的权力机构合并和组织整合以解决集体问题仍然知之甚少。其中一个鲜为人知的政体是复合国家，它是为欧洲中世纪时期定义的。这种复合型国家是地方集权的，但在区域上是非集权的，由多个互补的领域组成，每个领域都有自己的领导人，在为单一政治制度服务时，角色重叠，而且往往是不同的。这是一个分区政治结构，异质混合且非集中化，但形成了一个由团体领导共识统治的单一复合单位，正如该术语所暗示的那样。这种既有区别又一体化的政治组织被认为是概念上最容易识别的类比，类似于世纪中期为抵抗西班牙人入侵智利中南部而形成的阿劳卡尼亚政体或“Estado”（国家）。国家的意图是将四个不同的连续域“组合”成一个区域结构，代表一个非中央集权政府，每个域都有一个专门的角色和地方一级的内部集中领导。实施复合模式将个人或组合视为西班牙帝国的统一反殖民阵线。NSF资助的这项研究试图实现一个更集中的比较考古学和历史的理解（1）在南部安第斯山脉的早期殖民时期，一个复合型的阿劳卡尼亚原始国家的形成和分化的角色，以及（2）形成这种形成和分化的考古记录的社会文化和历史条件。重点是四个领域之一的关键领域的考古学，图卡佩尔的派卡维，在阿劳科战争（1552-1894年）的早期（公元1550-1650年），当这个领域的具体作用是为第二个领域提供食物，其主要作用是保卫边境免受西班牙人。具体的目的是考古学测试假设有关的政治组织和作用的派卡维和推断的结构和意义的土堆，住宅，公共，生存和行政空间functionedThis项目提供了一个重要的案例研究从一个较低层次的复杂的社会过渡到一个原型或接近国家政体的阿劳卡尼亚人的智利。在研究领域的网站提供了一个无与伦比的序列，以评估后期前西班牙和早期殖民地过渡到集约化耕作，以及当地的农业技术是如何新创建或扩展到包括提高与湿地管理技术相关的领域农业。该项目还将完善南美洲这一鲜为人知的地区的大规模农业生产和土丘建设的年表，并将不同的土丘形式与不同的社会功能和意义联系起来，在更广泛的差异化政体背景下。它还有助于了解最成功的土著群体之一，抵抗欧洲殖民地在美洲的干预。该项目将加强国际合作，为当地土著社区、PronUNRInvestigator在美国和智利的机构以及国际学生提供多样化的经济和培训机会。它由一个合作团队组成，该团队将整合考古学，历史人类学和生态学，并为国内政府和非政府机构，主要是当地马普切社区创造研究合作和机会。这些发现也对当代问题的长期变化耦合的人类-自然系统，保护，可持续发展，生物多样性和生态完整性的区域。

The term "state" or "polity," in light of earlier scholarship that generally emphasized stasis and its reference to a specific and particularly intricate "type" of complex society, continues to warrant critical disclosure in archaeology. Despite these advances in understanding early state development, little is still known about how and why specific semi-autonomous to autonomous territories were incorporated and organizationally integrated by higher forms of authority to solve collective problems. One such little known polity is the composite state, defined for the Medieval period in Europe. The composite state was locally centralized but regionally non-centralized and comprised of multiple complementary domains, each with their own leader and with overlapping and often distinct roles in service of a single political system. It was a partitioning political structure that was heterogeneously mixed and non-centralized, yet formed a single compound unit ruled by the consensus of group leadership, as the term suggests. This type of differentiated yet integrated political organization is considered to be the most conceptually identifiable analogy to the Araucanian polity or "Estado" (state) that formed in the middle 16th century to resist the intrusion of the Spanish into south-central Chile. The intent of the Estado was to "compose" four different contiguous domains into a regional structure to represent a non-centralized government, each with a specialized role and internally centralized leadership on the local-level. Implementing the composite pattern treated the individual or compositions as a uniform anti-colonial front to the Spanish empire. This NSF funded research attempts to achieve a more focused comparative archaeological and historical understanding (1) of the formation of and differentiated roles within a composite-like Araucanian proto-state in the early colonial period of the southern Andes and (2) of the socio-cultural and historical conditions that shaped the archaeological record of this formation and differentiation. The focus is on the archaeology of the key area in one of the four domains, Pai Cavi in Tucapel, during the early part (A.D. 1550-1650) of the Arauco War (1552-1894), when this domain's specific role was to provide food for a second domain whose primary role was to defend the frontier against the Spanish. The specific aim is to archaeologically test hypotheses related to how the political organization and role of Pai Cavi and the inferred structures and meanings of its mound, residential, public, subsistence, and administrative spaces functionedThis project provides an important case study for the transition from a lower-level complex society to a proto-or near-state polity of the Araucanian people of Chile. Sites in the study area provide an unparalleled sequence to evaluate the late pre-Hispanic and early Colonial transition to intensive cultivation and how local agricultural technologies were newly created or expanded to include raised field agriculture associated with wetland management technologies. This project also will refine the chronology of large-scale agricultural production and mound-building in this little known portion of South America and associate different mound forms with different societal functions and meanings, within the wider context of a differentiated polity. It also contributes to understanding one of the most successful indigenous groups that resisted Colonial European intervention in the Americas. The project will strengthen international collaboration and provide diverse economic and training opportunities for local indigenous communities, the Proncipal Investigator's U.S. and Chilean-based institutions, and international students. It is composed of a collaborative team that will integrate archaeology, historical anthropology, and ecology, and create research collaborations and opportunities for in-country governmental and non-governmental institutions, mainly local Mapuche communities. These findings also have implications for contemporary questions of long-term change in coupled human-natural systems, conservation, sustainable development, biodiversity, and ecological integrity in the region.