An International Comparative Study on the Roles and Functions of Schools and Teachers in a Changing Society

本研究从比较、社会学的角度，探讨了在社会变迁中，学校和教师的角色和功能是如何被当前激进的教育改革所重组和转变的，并进行了以下三个主要工作。对日本、英国、美国等国近期教育改革和政策的比较和社会学研究：在包括日本、英国、美国在内的许多发达国家，为了提高教育质量、追求卓越、提高教育行政效率和透明度等目的，进行了激进的教育改革。这些改革运动涉及到一些危险，例如，与新自由主义和市场导向意识形态联系在一起的“力量逻辑”重组教育的危险；忽视教师与教学的全面性、合作性和专业性以及教师工作的轻型化的危险；测试与审计文化对新兴管控方式的危害以及破坏和恶化对教师的信任和信心以及教师角色合法性的危险。日本、中国和英国教师生活和工作问卷调查分析：调查项目涵盖了教师的日常生活；师生关系；高校教师关系；教师的学生观、教育观和教师职业观；家长对学校和老师的期望；教师工作的活动及其构成学校管理；教学实践与教学能力培养等等。本文主要从以下几个方面和主题进行了研究：教师工作的结构和自主性；教师集体、协作、合作和社区的形式、条件和文化；专业技能结构与教师信心教育环境的变化与教学工作的强化教学实践模式与教师习惯。研究发现，日本教师的同僚合作水平高于中国和英国教师，其水平和模式与日本学校和教育机构的制度和组织安排有关，并嵌入其中。“21世纪的教学与教师教育”国际研讨会于2003年12月在国际基督教大学举行。上述两项研究的主要结果在日本国内外举行的各种会议上发表，并作为学术期刊的文章、书籍章节和两份研究报告发表。少

This study investigates how the roles and functions of schools and teachers have been reorganized and transformed by the current radical educational reform in a changing society, from a comparative, sociological perspective, and conducted the following three major works.1. Comparative and sociological research on recent educational reforms and policies in the countries like Japan, UK and USA : In many developed countries including Japan, UK and USA, radical education reforms have taken place for the purposes of educational quality enhancement, excellence seeking, administrative efficiency and transparency in education, and so forth. Some dangers are involved in these reform movements, such as the danger of restructuring education by "the logic of the strength" that is tied up with neo-liberal and market-oriented ideologies ; the dangers of neglecting the comprehensiveness, collaborative nature and professional expertise of teachers and teaching and of the trivialization of teacher's ro … More le ; the danger of newly emerging management and control style by testing and audit culture ; and the danger of undermining and deteriorating the trust toward and confidence of teachers and the legitimacy of teacher roles.2. Analysis of the questionnaire survey on teachers' life and work conducted in Japan, China and UK : Survey items cover teacher's daily life ; teacher-student relationship ; collegial relations among teachers ; teachers' views of students, education and teaching profession ; parents' expectations to schools and teachers ; activities and their composition of teachers' work ; school management ; teaching practices and efforts to develop teaching capacity ; and so forth. The following aspects and themes are investigated, such as the structure of teacher's work and autonomy ; forms, conditions and culture of collegiality, collaboration, cooperation and community of teachers ; the structure of professional expertise and confidence of teachers ; changes of educational environments and their associated intensification of teaching job ; and modes of teaching practices and teachers' habitus. It revealed that the level of collegiality and collaboration is higher among Japanese teachers than among Chinese or British teachers and that its level and modes are linked with and embedded in institutional and organizational arrangements of Japanese schools and educational apparatuses.3. International Conference on Teaching and Teacher Education in the 21^<st> Century was hosted at International Christian University in December 2003. Major findings of the above-mentioned two researches were presented at various conferences held both inside and outside Japan, and published as articles for academic journals, as book chapters and as two research reports. Less