PARENTING AND INFANT ACTIVITY--A MULTICULTURE PERSPECTIVE

婴儿期的经历被认为会影响病程和结果 社会和心理发展的影响，他们被认为是 一些文化的独特性。 更具体地说，交叉- 历史上的文化发展研究表明， 抚养孩子的方式通常会影响孩子的未来， 认知表现和人际行为。 家庭环境是 被认为反映了更大的文化价值观，信仰和习俗，以及许多 社会理论家认为，家庭一般来说， 特别是母婴关系，可能是至关重要的发展， 组织文化的个体性和基础性。 作为 因此，研究人员经常研究婴儿期和母婴 互动，试图解决有关起源的问题， 文化认同的发展。 当然，每个社会都在进化 根据自己的特殊需求调整育儿模式。 为 例如，人们普遍认为日本人和美国人在 他们的心理构成的突出方面，以及某些社会 这两种文化的成员之间的智力差异 在生命的早期。 关于婴儿发育性质的先前研究 以色列基布兹决定了婴儿护理的许多决定性方面-- 特别是婴儿和母亲之间的密切联系， 典型的美国经验。 当代法国、意大利和 美国在工业水平、教育水平、 成就和生活水平，但这些社会差异很大 在历史、社会学和文化方面。 培养物内比较 同样重要：比利时的发展研究提供了以下问题的答案： 在单语环境和双语环境下长大 环境影响认知、沟通和社会情感 发展 阿根廷将中产阶级与极端贫困者进行对比 饲养条件，几乎都是在南美的环境中， 未经研究 在养育和婴儿活动方面存在哪些差异 在这些文化中，？ 该项目的一个核心目的是 以确定儿童养育生态的相似性和差异， 阿根廷、比利时、法国、以色列、意大利、日本和美国 婴儿。

Experiences in infancy are acknowledged to affect the course and outcome of social and mental development in childhood, and they are credited for some of the distinctiveness of culture. More specifically, cross- cultural developmental studies have historically shown that variations in childrearing styles typically have implications for children's later cognitive performance and interpersonal behavior. Home environments are thought to reflect larger cultural values, beliefs, and customs, and many social theorists have contended that the family generally, and the mother-infant relationship specifically, may be vital to development of the individual and basic to the organization of the culture. As a result, investigators have frequently studied infancy and mother-infant interaction in attempts to address questions about the origins and development of cultural identity. Of course, each society has evolved patterns of childrearing adjusted to its own special demands. For example, it is widely held that Japanese and Americans differ in prominent aspects of their psychological make-ups and that certain social and intellectual distinctions between members of these two cultures arise early in life. Previous study on the nature of infant development in Israeli kibbutzim determined that many decisive aspects of infant care -- particularly the close ties between infant and mother -- vary markedly from the typical American experience. Contemporary France, Italy, and America are relatively similar in terms of industrial level, educational attainment, and living standards, yet these societies differ considerably in terms of history, sociology, and culture. Within-culture comparisons are equally important: Studies of development in Belgium offer answers to the question of how being reared in monolingual versus bilingual environments affects cognition, communication, and socioemotional development. Argentina contrasts middle-class with extremely poor rearing conditions, all in a South American setting virtually unresearched. What differences exist in parenting and in infant activity within and across these cultures? A central purpose of this project is to identify similarities and differences in the childrearing ecologies of Argentine, Belgian, French, Israeli, Italian, Japanese, and U.S. American infants.