PARENTING AND INFANT ACTIVITY--A MULTICULTURE PERSPECTIVE

婴儿期的经历被认为会影响病程和结局。 在儿童时期的社会和智力发展，他们被归功于 文化的一些独特性。更具体地说，交叉- 历史上的文化发展研究表明，变异 在养育孩子的风格上通常会对孩子的未来产生影响 认知表现和人际行为。家庭环境是 被认为反映了更大的文化价值、信仰和习俗，以及许多 社会理论家认为，一般来说，家庭和 特别是母婴关系，可能对儿童的发展至关重要 个人是组织文化的基础和基础。作为一名 结果，研究人员经常研究婴儿和母婴 在试图解决关于起源和 文化认同的发展。当然，每个社会都在进化 养育子女的方式根据自己的特殊需要进行了调整。为 例如，人们普遍认为日本人和美国人在 他们心理构成的突出方面，以及某些社会因素 这两种文化的成员之间出现了智力上的差异 在生命的早期。早年关于婴儿发育性质的研究 以色列的集体农场确定了婴儿护理的许多决定性方面- --尤其是婴儿和母亲之间的密切联系--差别很大 从典型的美国经验来看。当代法国、意大利和 美国在工业水平、教育水平等方面相对相似 成就和生活水平，然而这些社会有很大的不同 在历史、社会学和文化方面。文化内比较 同样重要的是：对比利时发展的研究提供了答案 关于如何用单语和双语养育孩子的问题 环境影响认知、沟通和社会情感 发展。阿根廷将中产阶级与极端贫困人口进行了对比 饲养条件，几乎都是在南美的环境中 没有经过研究。在养育方式和婴儿活动方面存在哪些差异 在这些文化中和在这些文化之间？该项目的一个主要目的是 找出儿童养育生态的异同 阿根廷人、比利时人、法国人、以色列人、意大利人、日本人、肯尼亚人和 美国儿童。

Experiences in infancy are acknowledged to affect the course and outcome of social and mental development in childhood, and they are credited for some of the distinctiveness of culture. More specifically, cross- cultural developmental studies have historically shown that variations in childrearing styles typically have implications for children's later cognitive performance and interpersonal behavior. Home environments are thought to reflect larger cultural values, beliefs, and customs, and many social theorists have contended that the family generally, and the mother-infant relationship specifically, may be vital to development of the individual and basic to the organization of the culture. As a result, investigators have frequently studied infancy and mother-infant interaction in attempts to address questions about the origins and development of cultural identity. Of course, each society has evolved patterns of childrearing adjusted to its own special demands. For example, it is widely held that Japanese and Americans differ in prominent aspects of their psychological make-ups and that certain social and intellectual distinctions between members of these two cultures arise early in life. Previous study on the nature of infant development in Israeli kibbutzim determined that many decisive aspects of infant care - - particularly the close ties between infant and mother -- vary markedly from the typical American experience. Contemporary France, Italy, and America are relatively similar in terms of industrial level, educational attainment, and living standards, yet these societies differ considerably in terms of history, sociology, and culture. Within-culture comparisons are equally important: Studies of development in Belgium offer answers to the question of how being reared in monolingual versus bilingual environments affects cognition, communication, and socioemotional development. Argentina contrasts middle-class with extremely poor rearing conditions, all in a South American setting virtually unresearched. What differences exist in parenting and in infant activity within and across these cultures? A central purpose of this project is to identify similarities and differences in the childrearing ecologies of Argentine, Belgian, French, Israeli, Italian, Japanese, Kenyan, and U.S. American children.