Trauma, Trauma Sequela, and Alcohol Information Processing

摘要：创伤、创伤后遗症和酒精信息处理 大学生有遭受创伤和由此产生的创伤应激后遗症（TSS）的风险。 也许并非巧合，酒精的使用（ALC）在美国校园很普遍， 与无数后果相关。TSS和ALC通常同时出现，并被认为是 彼此有因果关系。然而，还没有研究探讨相关的认知机制， 创伤压力后遗症可能会影响这一高危人群的酒精使用。 负性情绪与信息加工在理解TSS-ALC中的相关性 在自我药物治疗和社会学习（Self-medication and Social Learning，缩写为EAI）模型中均发现了这种关联。数据表明 创伤及其后遗症可能会改变信息处理机制， TSS表现出对相关线索的注意偏向。这种偏见似乎是特定的情感 相关信息我们认为TSS和饮酒的共同发生可以解释为 紧密相关的TSS和ALC信息记忆网络，通过以下过程链接： 扩散激活也就是说，创伤线索可能会激活消极情绪和酒精相关的情绪。 信息的顺序，导致偏见，以处理这些信息的方式，可能导致 喝酒我们认为创伤记忆网络的激活会影响酒精信息 以三种方式处理。首先，这种激活会导致处理阳性酒精的偏见 期望，尤其是自我药疗的期望。二、加工酒精 信息会干扰处理其他情感上无关的信息时，创伤 网络已激活。最后，酒精在记忆中与积极的 当创伤记忆网络被激活时，内隐认知已经被证明 对于理解酒精使用很重要，并已被认为是一个关键的病因学 创伤后压力的因素。在这里，我们使用多个任务（预期反应时间; E-task， 改良Stroop;M-Stroop，IAT）来评估内隐TSS-ALC认知过程。 两个实验将研究创伤线索影响酒精信息的因果路径 有和没有创伤后应激障碍（PTSD）的大学生的心理加工。第一个将 评估创伤线索和PTSD对处理酒精预期偏差（E-task）的影响， 酒精信息处理干扰（M-Stroop）。第二将测试线索的影响 暴露和创伤后应激障碍对酒精信息的评价（积极，消极的关联），使用 IAT。研究结果将为干预措施提供信息，这些干预措施旨在改变对酒精的积极信念， 在大学校园里减少酗酒。项目叙述 大学时代代表着向成年人的过渡，在此期间，学生们经历着成年人的生活。 自由和责任，以及他们必须学会在一个环境中谈判这些问题， 喝酒是常态。这可能对那些已经试图科普后危机的人构成特别的挑战。 创伤压力从这项研究中了解到酒精信仰如何受到创伤的影响， 创伤后精神障碍（PTSD）将为旨在减少酗酒和酗酒问题的干预措施提供信息 在大学校园里。

ABSTRACT: Trauma, Trauma Sequelae, and Alcohol Information Processing College students are at risk for both trauma and resulting traumatic stress sequelae (TSS). Perhaps not coincidentally, the use of alcohol (ALC) is prevalent on U.S. campuses, and is associated with myriad consequences. TSS and ALC commonly co-occur, and are posited to be causally related to one another. Yet, no research has examined interrelated cognitive mechanisms by which traumatic stress sequelae may affect alcohol use in this at-risk group. The relevance of negative emotion and information processing in understanding TSS-ALC associations is noted in both Self-Medication and Social Learning (SLT) models. Data suggest that trauma and its sequelae may alter information processing mechanisms, such that individuals with TSS demonstrate an attentional bias to relevant cues. This bias appears to be specific to emotionally relevant information. We posit that the co-occurrence of TSS and drinking may be explained by closely associated TSS and ALC information memory networks that are linked by a process of spreading activation. That is, trauma cues may activate both negative emotions and alcohol-related information in sequence, resulting in a bias to process this information in ways that are likely to lead to drinking. We propose that activation of a trauma memory network will impact alcohol information processing in three ways. First, this activation will result in a bias to process positive alcohol expectancies, most specifically, self-medication expectancies. Second, processing alcohol information will interfere with processing other emotionally irrelevant information when a trauma network is activated. Finally, alcohol will be more strongly associated in memory with positively valenced information when a trauma memory network is activated. Implicit cognition has been shown to be important for understanding alcohol use, and has been suggested to be a critical etiological factor in posttraumatic stress. Here, we use multiple tasks (expectancy reaction time; E-TASK, Modified Stroop;M-Stroop, IAT) to assess implicit TSS-ALC cognitive processes. Two experiments will examine causal paths through which trauma cues affect alcohol information processing in college students with and without posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The first will evaluate the impact of trauma cue and PTSD on bias in processing alcohol expectancies (E-TASK) and interference in processing alcohol information (M-Stroop). The second will test the impact of cue exposure and PTSD on the evaluation (positive, negative associations) of alcohol information using the IAT. Findings will inform interventions designed to modify positive beliefs about alcohol in the interest of decreasing heavy drinking on college campuses. PROJECT NARRATIVE The college years represent a transition into adulthood, during which students experience adult freedoms and responsibilities, and when they must learn to negotiate these in an environment where drinking is the norm. This may pose a particular challenge to those already attempting to cope with post- traumatic stress. Knowledge from this study regarding how alcohol beliefs are affected by trauma and posttraumatic disorder (PTSD) will inform interventions designed to decrease heavy and problem drinking on college campuses.