Blur, Accommodation, and Vision

描述（由申请人提供）：我们对视觉世界的主观印象是一切都是聚焦的。这种印象被摄影和电影摄影中创造无处不在的焦点图像的常见做法所强化。然而，我们的主观印象是相当不正确的，因为视网膜图像的大部分是明显模糊的。我们将检查模糊的使用和眼睛的聚焦反应在距离和大小的感知。我们还将研究如何模糊和住宿影响观众疲劳。有明确的证据表明，模糊会影响距离和大小感知。将开发一个包含模糊信息和其他线索的概率模型。该模型将通过在一系列心理物理实验中将其行为与人类感知进行比较来评估和改进。其中一组实验将利用摄影技术中发展起来的微缩效应。这些实验将确定模糊和眼睛的聚焦反应（调节）对感知绝对距离的贡献。另一组实验将利用图像中两个区域之间的模糊边界所包含的信息。这些实验将确定观察到的模糊，焦点距离和相对大小的合理性是否影响深度顺序的感知。双目视差的深度几何形状和模糊的深度几何形状基本相似。原则上，这两种线索提供了关于距离的互补信息，视差在注视点附近提供了更精确的信息，模糊在注视点以外提供了更精确的信息。视差和模糊对感知距离和眼动控制的相对贡献将被测量为相对于观看者所看的位置的不同位置。视网膜图像的模糊程度取决于环境中物体的绝对距离和相对距离，以及观看者聚焦的位置。我们定义了“自然景深”的概念；这是正常人眼观察自然环境时，其他深度线索和模糊之间的适当关系。我们将确定人们是否对自然景深敏感，以及在偏离自然关系的图像中是否会误解3D结构。立体显示器越来越广泛地应用于医学成像、外科训练和科学可视化等领域。电影和电视行业也在迅速引进立体声。在立体声显示中，辐散和调节之间的正常相关性被破坏了。其结果是一场收敛与适应的冲突。冲突有几个不利的后果，但最重要的无疑是不适和疲劳。我们将确定如何观看距离，屈光不正，年龄，大小和标志的收敛调节冲突影响不适和疲劳。更好的理解将有助于立体显示器的设计和在这种显示器上显示的内容。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Our subjective impression of the visual world is that everything is in focus. This impression is reinforced by the common practice in photography and cinematography of creating images that are in focus everywhere. Our subjective impression, however, is quite incorrect because most parts of the retinal image are significantly blurred. We will examine the use of blur and the eye's focusing response in the perception of distance and size. We will also examine how blur and accommodation affect viewer fatigue. There is clear evidence that blur affects distance and size perception. A probabilistic model will be developed that incorporates the information in blur and other cues. The model will be evaluated and refined by comparing its behavior to human perception in a series of psychophysical experiments. One set of experiments will use miniaturization effects developed in photography. Those experiments will determine the contributions of blur and the eye's focusing response (accommodation) on perceived absolute distance. Another set of experiments will capitalize on the information contained in the blur of a border between two regions in an image. Those experiments will determine whether the plausibility of observed blur, focus distance, and relative size affect the perception of depth order. The geometries of depth from binocular disparity and depth from blur are fundamentally similar. In principle, the two cues provide complimentary information about distance, with disparity providing more precise information near the point of fixation and blur providing more precise information away from fixation. The relative contributions of disparity and blur to perceived distance and eye-movement control will be measured for various positions relative to where the viewer is looking. The amount of blur in the retinal image depends on the absolute and relative distance of objects in the environment and on where the viewer is focused. We define the concept of "natural depth of field"; this is the appropriate relationship between other depth cues and blur for a normal human eye viewing the natural environment. We will determine whether people are sensitive to natural depth of field and whether 3D structure is misperceived in images that deviate from the natural relationship. Stereo displays are becoming more widely used in applications such medical imaging, surgical training, and scientific visualization. The motion picture and television industries are also rapidly introducing stereo. With stereo displays, the normal correlation between vergence and accommodation is disrupted. The result is a vergence-accommodation conflict. There are several adverse consequences of the conflict, but the most important is undoubtedly discomfort and fatigue. We will determine how viewing distance, refractive error, age, and the magnitude and sign of the vergence-accommodation conflict affect discomfort and fatigue. A better understanding will aid the design of stereo displays and the content shown on such displays.