Motivation in Context: Risk for escalation of substance use

描述（由申请人提供）：物质使用（SU）的风险，包括酒精和其他药物使用，在青春期过程中累积，最终在青春期后期达到风险峰值。了解出现SU和相关问题，在青春期后期需要一个青少年早期风险背景的特征。SU信息处理是SU的近端原因，介导了广泛的更远端的风险和保护因素。目前的认知模型成瘾区分控制（缓慢审议 和反射）和自动（快速和冲动）的处理和评价SU信息和证明这些过程共同影响SU。此外，信息处理在 SU受自我调节的一般能力（即，执行功能），这会增加风险。文献支持这些模型的青少年和成人，但很少有这项研究已经采取了发展的角度。因此，如何自动和控制SU信息处理的发展，以及这些过程是否与年龄和使用阶段不同的操作知之甚少。这是文献中的一个关键空白，因为经过充分验证的发育知情病因学模型对于促进有效的预防干预至关重要。社会背景（如同龄人，父母）和个性是SU的强有力的决定因素，部分原因是他们在塑造SU信息处理中发挥的作用。社会背景的变化显着从早期到后期的青春期，但一直很少考虑这些变化可能会影响SU信息处理的发展，在青春期的各个阶段和阶段的使用。事实上，没有长期的纵向研究跟踪青年从SU启动，升级，并出现问题，以解决这些问题。此外，神经适应SU改变SU的动机意义，并可能影响SU和SU信息处理之间的相互关联，但没有研究已经检查了这种双向性在青春期。拟议的项目解决了这些差距。这是一项在社区样本中对10-13岁儿童酒精和药物使用情况进行评估的研究的继续。拟议项目将跟踪样本至青春期后期（平均年龄18岁、19岁和20岁），进行3次额外的多方法评估，包括实验室任务和问卷调查。我们的纵向设计的一个关键特征是能够模拟多种病因影响和途径（调解，适度，相互关联），并直接比较每个如何在年龄和使用阶段（初始，大量使用，问题使用）之间发生变化。该项目将审查：1）自动和控制SU信息处理的角色变化; 2）这些过程是否介导了社会背景（父母SU特定的社会化，同伴规范）和人格（强化敏感性）对SU的影响; 3）SU信息处理和SU之间的相互关联。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Risk for substance use (SU) including alcohol and other drug use, builds cumulatively over the course of adolescence culminating at a point of peak risk in late adolescence. Understanding the emergence of SU and related problems in late adolescence requires a characterization of the early adolescent risk context. SU information processing is a proximal cause of SU that mediates a broad range of more distal risk and protective factors. Current cognitive models of addiction distinguish controlled (slow deliberative and reflective) and automatic (fast and impulsive) processing and appraisal of SU information and posit that these processes jointly influence SU. Further, the role of information processing in SU is moderated by general capacity for self- regulation (i.e., executive functioning), which confers added risk. The literature supports these models for both adolescents and adults, yet very little of this research has taken a developmental perspective. Consequently, how automatic and controlled SU information processing develops, and whether these processes operate differently with age and stage of use is poorly understood. This is a critical gap in the literatur, as well- validated developmentally informed etiological models are crucial for the advancement of effective preventive interventions. Social context (e.g. peers, parents) and personality are strong determinants of SU, in part because of the role they play in shaping SU information processing. Social context changes dramatically from early to late adolescence, yet there has been little consideration of how these shifts may affect the development of SU information processing across stages of adolescence and stages of use. Indeed, no long- term longitudinal studies have followed youth from SU initiation, escalation, and emergence of problems to address these issues. Furthermore, neuroadaptations to SU change the motivational significance of SU, and likely impact reciprocal associations between SU and SU information processing, yet no research has examined such bidirectionality across adolescence. The proposed project addresses these gaps. This is a continuation of a study of alcohol and drug use in a community sample first assessed at ages 10-13 years. The proposed project will follow the sample into late adolescence (mean ages 18, 19, and 20 years) for 3 additional multi-method assessments that will include laboratory tasks and questionnaires. A critical feature of our longitudinal design is the ability to model multiple etiological influences, and pathways (mediation, moderation, reciprocal associations) and to compare directly how each may shift across age and stage of use (initiation, heavy use, problem use). The project will examine: 1) The changing role of automatic and controlled SU information processing; 2) Whether these processes mediate the influence of social context (parental SU- specific socialization, peer norms) and personality (reinforcement sensitivity) on SU; 3) Reciprocal associations between SU information processing and SU.