Pro-Social Behavior and Neural Development during Adolescence

项目摘要 大量的实证研究集中在青春期的危险行为和精神障碍上，但是 我们对亲社会行为中的神经行为发展的了解相当有限。结果是一个 青春期大脑发育的肖像，关注风险和精神病理，而不是更积极的行为。 这种关注是不幸的，因为几种涉及给予他人的亲社会行为--从 自愿提供工具性或社会援助--与健康的心理， 行为和身体特征。向他人提供资源和帮助与较低的死亡率有关， 客观和主观的健康问题更少，抑郁程度更低。给予他人的健康益处 需要更多地关注作为亲社会这一核心方面基础的神经行为发展 青春期的行为，这是为终身健康和幸福奠定基础的关键发展点。 我们的目标是通过利用纵向设计来推动该领域的发展，以实现四个具体目标：(1)澄清 青春期亲社会行为的发展变化通过纵向检查一个特定的， 基本的亲社会行为(即，给予)以及它如何越来越依赖于情况(即 潜在的接受者，给予的成本)；(2)研究神经发展如何在奖励、心智形成和 认知控制神经网络跟踪给予行为；(3)评估社会关系、视角- 接受、同理心和价值观可能与给予和神经发育有关；(4)探索潜在的性别 给予和神经过程的平均水平的差异。 采用队列序贯纵向设计，共对180名参与者进行三次评估， 每两年一次，五年一次。总样本将由三个重叠的60岁年龄组组成 参与者每人，年龄从9岁到17岁不等。(队列1：9-13岁，队列2：11-15岁， 队列3：13-17岁)。在每个时间点，参与者都将参与既定的决策任务 针对fMRI扫描仪进行了优化，在扫描仪中，他们将被要求为他们的家庭做出真正的经济贡献， 朋友，和陌生人在不同的条件下给自己付出的代价。在做出决定时，参与者的 将对大脑进行扫描，以了解大脑区域和网络之间的激活和功能连接 牵涉到意念化、认知控制和奖赏相关行为。青少年也将完成 调查问卷和日常日记清单，将评估社会关系的各个方面，采取观点， 同理心，以及被认为可以预测亲社会行为的价值观。

Project Summary A large body of empirical work has focused on risky behavior and mental disorders during adolescence, but our knowledge of the neurobehavioral developments in prosocial behavior is quite limited. The result is a portrait of adolescent brain development that focuses risk and psychopathology over more positive behavior. This focus is unfortunate because several prosocial behaviors that involve giving to others – ranging from volunteering to providing instrumental or social assistance – have been linked to healthy psychological, behavioral, and physical profiles. Giving resources and assistance to others is associated with lower mortality, fewer objective and subjective health problems, and lower depression. The health benefits of giving to others warrant an increased focus on the neurobehavioral developments that underlie this core aspect of prosocial behavior during adolescence, a key point of development that sets the stage for lifelong health and well-being. We aim to advance the field by utilizing a longitudinal design to pursue four specific aims: (1) clarify developmental changes in prosocial behavior during adolescence by longitudinally examining a specific, fundamental prosocial behavior (i.e., giving) and how it increasingly depends upon the situation (i.e., the potential recipient, the cost of giving); (2) examine how neurodevelopment in the reward, mentalizing, and cognitive control neural networks tracks with giving behavior; (3) assess how social relationships, perspective- taking, empathy, and values may relate to giving and neural development; (4) explore potential gender differences in average levels of giving and neural processes. Using a cohort-sequential longitudinal design, a total of 180 participants will be assessed at three times, every two-years, across a five-year period. The total sample will consist of three overlapping age cohorts of 60 participants each and will cover the age span from 9 to 17 yrs. (Cohort 1: 9-13 yrs., Cohort 2: 11-15 yrs., Cohort 3: 13-17 yrs.). At each time point, participants will participate in an established decision-making task optimized for the fMRI scanner in which they will be asked to make real financial contributions to their families, friends, and a stranger under varying conditions of cost to themselves. While making decisions, participants' brains will be scanned for activation and functional connectivity between regions and networks that have been implicated in mentalizing, cognitive control, and reward-related behaviors. Adolescents also will complete questionnaires and daily diary checklists that will assess aspects of social relationships, perspective-taking, empathy, and values thought to predict prosocial behavior.