OP: Electrically Controlled Solid-State Cavity QED with Single Emitters in Monolayer Material

我们生活在一场信息技术革命中。在过去的几十年里，随着电子设备的积极扩展，我们在计算和通信方面实现了前所未有的性能。然而，这种快速的扩展，也就是通常所说的“摩尔定律”正在放缓，众所周知，下一代计算技术将严重依赖数据中心和云计算。随着大型科技公司在这些领域的投资增加，我们已经经历了这一趋势。然而，为了支持这种体系结构，我们需要将作为现代互联网主干的光互连技术引入更短的长度范围。这些光学设备需要在极低的功率下运行。超越了传统的计算和通信，量子技术为我们看待信息技术的方式带来了范式的转变。极低功率的光学设备也可以为这些量子技术提供解决方案。在我们的研究中，我们将开发类似于电子集成电路的光子集成电路，与单原子厚度的2D材料集成来创建这些低功率光学器件。具体地说，我们将利用2D材料中的原子缺陷将能量推到单光子水平，这是光子学中可以想象到的最低能量，与现有光学设备的能量消耗相比，几乎要小一百万倍。我们的工作将把原子物理的创新带入芯片级的技术，有了2D材料，就有可能在硅平台上利用制造今天的计算机和智能手机的相同制造技术来开发这些低功耗设备。利用光进行经典和量子信号处理一直是科学家和工程师的长期目标。微纳尺度光学器件的最新进展重新引起了人们对这一课题的兴趣，因为它可以将能量消耗提高到体光学系统中无法达到的水平。具体地说，通过利用纳米级光腔和单量子发射器，存在基于量子电动力学原理构建光子器件的潜力。然而，在现有的所有腔量子电动力学器件中，单个发射体都嵌入在3D衬底中，这使得外部控制和与现有电子和光子平台的表面集成变得困难。这些限制可以通过在2D衬底中使用量子发射器来绕过，例如在过渡金属二卤化物等单层材料中使用单发射器。单层材料前所未有的材料兼容性也将使人们能够使用可扩展的CMOS技术来构建这些量子光学器件。目前的方案旨在研究和开发一种固态腔量子电动力学平台，将单个量子发射器嵌入到单层材料中，耦合到集成的固态纳米级空腔。结合数值模拟、器件制作和光学表征，研究的主要内容包括：(I)利用可调谐的2D发射器-腔系统测量Purcell增强效应；(Ii)演示腔增强型发光二极管；(Iii)观察强耦合腔量子电动力学效应。最终目标是展示电子可调谐的强耦合发射器-腔系统，其中电光和全光开关可以在单个光子能级上执行，并且可以利用光子之间的强关联来产生非经典光。

We live in the midst of an information technology revolution. In the last few decades, with the aggressive scaling of electronic devices, we have realized unprecedented performance in computing and communication. However, this rapid scaling, commonly known as "Moore's Law" is slowing and it is well-understood that next-generation computing technology will rely heavily on data centers and cloud computing. We are already experiencing this trend with the increased investment from large technology companies in these sectors. To support this architecture, however, we need to bring optical interconnect technology, which is the backbone of the modern internet, to shorter length scales. These optical devices need to operate at extremely low power. Going beyond traditional computing and communication, quantum technology presents a paradigm shift in the way we think about information technology. Extremely low-power optical devices can also provide solutions for these quantum technologies. In our research, we will develop photonic integrated circuits, similar to electronic integrated circuits, integrated with single atom thick 2D materials to create these low-power optical devices. Specifically, we will be using atomic defects in 2D materials to push the energy to the single photon level, which is the lowest conceivable energy in photonics, and almost a million times smaller compared to energy consumption in existing optical devices. Our work will bring the innovations in atomic physics to chip-scale technology, and with 2D materials, it is possible to develop these low power devices in a silicon platform exploiting the same fabrication technology which is used to manufacture today's computers and smart phones.Classical and quantum signal processing using light has been a long-standing goal for scientists and engineers. Recent progress in micro- and nano-scale optical devices has renewed interest in this subject, as it can allow pushing energy consumption to regimes that have not been attainable in bulk optical systems. Specifically, by exploiting nanoscale optical cavities and single quantum emitters, the potential exists for building photonic devices based on principles of quantum electrodynamics. However, in all the existing cavity quantum electrodynamic devices, the single emitters are embedded in a 3D-substrate, rendering external control and facial integration with existing electronic and photonic platforms difficult. These limitations can be circumvented by using a quantum emitter in a 2D substrate, such as single emitters in monolayer materials like transition metal dichalcogenides. The unprecedented material compatibility of monolayer materials will also allow building these quantum optical devices using scalable CMOS technologies. The current proposal aims to research and develop a solid-state cavity quantum electrodynamic platform with single quantum emitters embedded in monolayer materials coupled to integrated solid-state nano-scale cavities. Combining numerical simulation, device fabrication, and optical characterization, the research thrusts include: (i) measure Purcell enhancement with a tunable 2D emitter-cavity system; (ii) demonstrate cavity-enhanced light emitting diodes and (iii) observe strong coupling cavity quantum electrodynamic effects. The ultimate goal is to demonstrate electronically tunable strongly coupled emitter-cavity system, where electro-optic and all-optical switching can be performed at a single photon energy level, and non-classical light can be generated exploiting strong correlation between photons.