Influence of Educational Computing on School Management

学校使用计算机的三个不可或缺的组成部分是硬件、软件和人力。在对进行教育计算的学校进行调查的基础上进行的一项成本分析研究得出结论，增加人员支出对于教育计算的有效运作是必不可少的。硬件在日本学校迅速普及，以满足信息社会的需求。目前在全国范围内进行全面的成本分析是有用的。必须假设各种因素才能预测教育计算的成本，然而，这里获得的结果是现实和合理的，作为最低成本水平的指标。在公立小学的成本中，1992年软件、教师培训和硬件成本分别占42%、29%和29%。另一方面，在公立初中的成本中，软件、教师培训和硬件成本分别占47%-13%，…分别超过40%和40%。在公立高中的成本中，软件成本、教师培训成本和硬件成本分别占33%、10%和57%。在各级学校教育中，软件成本的比例都在增加。有可能通过选择类型和调整价格来降低软件的成本。政府不仅应该主动向学校推荐具有成本效益的软件，还应该提供必要的软件，并鼓励软件公司制作更好的软件。另一个关注的问题是培训成本。教师培训滞后于硬件和软件的普及。除非采取措施纠正目前人数有限、积极主动的教师自费参加培训方案的情况，否则无法实现培训的迅速改进。因此，有必要建立一个系统，由行政部门为这类培训提供支持和激励。使用卫星电视或分发录像机可能是提供在职教师培训的最具成本效益的方式。较少

Three indispensable components of computer use in schools are hardware, software, and man power. A study of cost analysis based on a survey on schools where educational computing was carried out concluded that an increase in personnel expenditures was indispensable for the effective operation of educational computing. Hardware has been diffused rapidly in Japanese schools to meet the needs of information oriented society. It is useful to conduct a comprehensive cost analysis on a nationwide scale at this time.Various factors have to be presumed to enable a projection of the cost of educational computing, however, the results obtained here are realistic and reasonable as indications of minimum levels of costs. Among the costs for public elementary schools, software, teacher training, and hardware cost consist of 42%, 29%, and 29% respectively in 1992. On the other hand, among the costs for public lower secondary schools, software, teacher training, and hardware cost consist of 47%, 13%, … More and 40% respectively. Among the costs for public upper secondary schools, software, teacher training, and hardware cost consist of 33%, 10%, and 57% respectively. The ratio of software cost is increasing at all levels of school education. It may be possible to reduce the cost of software through selection of types and adjustment of prices. The governments should take initiative not only to recommend cost-effective software to schools, but also to provide necessary software and to encourage software houses to make better software.Another concern is the cost of training. The training of teachers is lagging behind the diffusion of hardware and software. Unless measures are taken to cure the present situation where a limited number of motivated teachers voluntarily participate in training programs at their costs rapid improvement in training cannot be achieved. Therefore, it will be necessary to develop a system in which the administration provides supports and incentives for such training. Using satellite TV or distributing VCRs may be the most cost-effective way providing in-service teacher training. Less