Political ecology of participatory forest management

（1)本研究的目标是：a)评估印度尼西亚和老挝当地社区传统森林管理系统的有效性（文化生态学研究）；b）在了解与森林管理和利用有关的各种行动者（或利益相关者）的运动后，阐明政治经济平衡的条件（政治经济学研究，以弥合村庄和国家层面）。(2)研究地点为印度尼西亚东加里曼丹省的3个村、乌多姆赛省的2个村和老挝萨凡纳切省的国家生物多样性保护区（NBCA）。(3)结果(a)在印度尼西亚，当地人民仍然有效地实行传统的森林管理。这样的系统可以被看作是“宽松的公地”。然而，当地社区的传统森林管理现在处于危急状态，因为各种外部行动者（或利益攸关者）在向权力下放过渡时期进入了森林区域。在老挝，由于长期的土地战争的影响，村民的反复迁移和共产主义政权对村庄的控制，当地人民的传统森林管理已经下降。相反，我们发现在村级已经有了明确规定非木材林产品（NWFP）使用的路径。这种审判可以看作是构建“紧密公地”的过程。(b)在印度尼西亚，发现非法采伐十分猖獗，而各区政府与中央和省级政府在森林控制权问题上发生冲突。在老挝，人们发现土地/森林分配项目没有得到社区的同意，也不符合土地使用的实际情况。我们建议每个涉众根据他们自己的逻辑行事。

(1) Objectives of the research were a) to evaluate the effectiveness of customary forest management systems by the local communities in Indonesia and Laos (study on cultural-ecology), and b) to clarify the condition of political-economic equilibrium after understanding the movement of various actors (or stakeholders) concerning to forest management and use (study on political economy to bridge he village and national level).(2) Research sites were three villages in the province of East Kalimantan, Indonesia, two villages in Oudomxai province and national Biodiversity Protected Area (NBCA) in Savannakhet province, Laos.(3) Result(a) In Indonesia, the local people still practice customary forest management effectively. Such systems can be regarded as "loose commons". Customary forest management by the local communities, however, is now in a critical situation, because various external actors (or stakeholders) entered into the forest region inn the transition era toward decentralization. In Laos, customary forest management by the local people have already been declined because of the effect of the long terra war disturbance, repeated migration of the villages, and control of the villages by communist regime. Instead, we found out that there are trails at village level to make clear regulation for the use of non wood forest products (NWFP). Such trial can be regarded as the process to construct "tight commons".(b) In Indonesia, it was found out that illegal logging was rampant while district governments were in conflict with central and provincial governments over the authority to control the forests. In Laos, it was fond out that the land/forest allocation projects were conducted without agreement by the communities and out of accordance with reality of the land use. We suggested that each stakeholder acts based on their own logic.