'The lung- gut network'contributes to development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

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In smoke exposed animals, food intake and body weight gain were less than those in non-smoking controls while plasma acyl-ghrelin levels were elevated. In addition, the change in bacterial flora and decrease in short chain fatty acids in cecum were found. Supplementation of fiber-free diet resulted in remarkable suppression of body weight gain, deterioration of gut environment and the reduction of serum antioxidant activity. It was shown that discontinuous feeding with fiber-free diet accelerated elastase- induced emphysema in smoke exposed rats, while amount of food intake did not decreased.These data suggest that deterioration of gut environment by cigarette smoke may contribute to nutritional depletion and systemic inflammation, which in turn may develop the pulmonary emphysema. In conclusion, we have demonstrated an existence of lung-gut network which may be associated with the development of chronic obstructive lung disease.