14 ERA-CAPS: Mechanistic Analysis of Quantitative Disease Resistance in Brassica by Associative Transcriptomics

甘蓝型油菜是一种主要的世界性作物，包括用于食用和工业用油的油菜(OSR)、生物柴油、动物饲料用蛋白质以及叶类和根类蔬菜。疾病是限制产量的一个主要因素，由于气候变化和欧洲即将停止使用农用化学品，这一威胁日益增加。改善疾病控制是当务之急，育种者越来越多地使用数量抗病(QDR)，这被认为是广谱和持久的。本研究将确定对OSR育种最有用的QDR基因，并了解其背后的机制，以便能够预测其有效性和持久性。我们的联盟结合了主要OSR病原体的领先专业知识、抗性防御机制的最新研究以及关联遗传学的专业知识，以确定有效的QDR基因。我们的工业合作伙伴KWS将在田间部署QDR和开发用于OSR改良品种分子育种的遗传标记方面的专业知识。我们将鉴定OSR最重要的病原菌：菌核病、黄萎病、斑点落叶病、油菜链格孢菌、白菜腐病菌以及模式病原菌丁香假单胞菌和灰霉病菌的抗药性。将在受控环境和KWS田间试验点对192个不同的甘蓝型油菜品系进行对这些病原菌的抗性筛选。学校将参与一个“公民科学”项目，并评估欧洲各地的抵抗力。同样，我们将量化对保守的病原体相关分子模式(PAMPs)的诱导防御反应。我们还将对与抗性机制有关的水杨酸、木质素、苯丙素、硫代葡萄糖苷和吲哚代谢物进行量化。利用联合转录学，我们将识别对多种病原体的抗性基因座，并了解这与代谢产物的产生和PAMP触发的免疫之间的关系。为了检验它们对抗性的贡献的假说，我们包括了对特定基因的研究。虽然硫代葡萄糖苷有助于抗性，但它们会降低种子的质量。GTR1和GTR2是拟南芥中控制硫代葡萄糖苷分配到种子的转运蛋白。我们将测试GTR1 GTR2突变体的适合性，并在甘蓝型油菜(B.napus A基因组)中创建GTR分蘖突变体，以测量叶片和种子之间的硫代葡萄糖苷分配。这项工作可以在不影响种子品质的情况下，培育出叶片硫代葡萄糖苷含量较高的抗病OSR。我们将番茄受体Ve1导入甘蓝型油菜，并研究其对甘蓝型油菜黄萎病的抗性。这项研究将导致更可持续的OSR生产，通过降低对生物胁迫的脆弱性和减少对化学投入的依赖来提高生产率。

Brassica napus, a major world-wide crop, comprises a range of crop types including oilseed rape (OSR), grown for edible and industrial oil, biodiesel, protein for animal feed as well as leaf and root vegetables. Diseases are a major factor limiting production, a threat increasing due to climate change and the imminent withdrawal of agrochemicals in Europe. Improved disease control is an urgent priority and breeders are increasingly using quantitative disease resistance (QDR), which is considered broad-spectrum and durable.This research will identify the most useful QDR genes for OSR breeding and understand the mechanisms behind this to enable predictions of their effectiveness and durability. Our consortium combines the leading expertise on the major OSR pathogens, the latest research on defence mechanisms of resistance and expertise in association genetics to identify effective QDR genes. Our industrial partner, KWS, will provide expertise on deployment of QDR in the field and on the development of genetic markers for molecular breeding of improved OSR varieties.We will identify resistance to the most important pathogens of OSR: Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Verticillium spp, Leptosphaeria maculans, Alternaria brassicicola, Pyrenopeziza brassicae, and the model pathogens Pseudomonas syringae and Botrytis cinerea. A panel of 192 diverse B. napus lines will be screened for resistance against these pathogens in controlled environments and at KWS field trial sites. Schools will contribute in a 'citizen science' project and evaluate resistance at locations throughout Europe. In the same lines, we will quantify induced defence responses to conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). We will also quantify salicylic acid, lignin, phenylpropanoid, glucosinolate, and indole metabolites that are implicated in resistance mechanisms. Using association transcriptomics, we will identify resistance gene loci against multiple pathogens and understand how this relates to metabolite production and PAMP-triggered immunity.To test hypotheses about their contribution to resistance, we include studies on specific genes. Whilst glucosinolates contribute to resistance they can reduce the quality of seed. GTR1 and GTR2 are transporters in Arabidopsis that control the allocation of glucosinolates to seeds. We will test gtr1 gtr2 mutants for fitness and create gtr TILLING mutants in Brassica rapa (B. napus A genome) to measure the glucosinolate partitioning between leaves and seed. The work could enable development of OSR with high leaf glucosinolate content for resistance, without compromising seed quality. We will introduce tomato receptor Ve1 into B. napus and assess its ability to mediate resistance against Verticillium wilt. This research will lead to more sustainable production of OSR, with higher productivity through lower vulnerability to biotic stress and less reliance on chemical inputs.