NEUROPHYSIOLOGIC, PERFORMANCE AND SUBJECTIVE EFFECTS OF NICOTINE

进行了几项临床研究，以确定与吸烟和戒烟有关的客观和主观措施。这些研究的结果被应用于开发治疗尼古丁戒断的药物测试的范例。神经生理学数据表明，尼古丁作用于涉及注意力、认知和记忆的神经底物。例如，研究了中枢作用的尼古丁拮抗剂甲乙胺的作用，以确定紧张性胆碱能机制对吸烟者和非吸烟者的脑电和认知任务的贡献。在治疗方案中评估了经颅电刺激缓解尼古丁戒断的能力。一项住宅研究测试了经皮传递的尼古丁对减少烟草自发戒断症状和体征的效果。尼古丁戒断对延迟听觉反馈的影响正在评估中。延迟听觉反馈是一种衡量注意力和注意力分散的指标。研究人员评估了隔夜戒烟后咖啡因和尼古丁的相互作用。这些研究的依赖测量包括：Gordon警戒任务(有无干扰)、单词记忆、PAB(表现)自发脑电、诱发电位、血压、心率(生理学)；戒断量表、渴求、药物喜好、药物识别(主观)。无烟烟草产品和一种新开发的脱烟卷烟的效果研究已经完成。在一个正在进行的项目中，在间隔吸烟的范例中测试了从安慰剂香烟中传递尼古丁的香烟的效果。在另一项研究中，评估了去烟化香烟在快速吸烟过程中的效果。这些研究有助于了解尼古丁成瘾的机制，对于开发更有效的治疗尼古丁依赖和戒断的药物也具有实用价值。

Several clinical studies are performed to determine objective and subjective measures associated with smoking and tobacco withdrawal. The results of these studies are applied to develop paradigms for testing of drugs for the treatment of nicotine withdrawal. Neurophysiologic data indicate that nicotine acts on neural substrates involved in attention, cognition and memory. For example, the effects of mecamylamine, a centrally acting nicotinic antagonist is studied to determine the contribution of tonic cholinergic mechanisms on the EEG and cognitive tasks in smokers and nonsmokers. The ability of transcranially delivered electrostimulation to alleviate nicotine withdrawal was evaluated in a treatment protocol. The efficacy of transdermally delivered nicotine to diminish signs and symptoms of tobacco spontaneous withdrawal are tested in a residential study. The effects of nicotine withdrawal on delayed auditory feedback - a proposed measure of attention and distraction - is being evaluated. The interaction of caffeine and nicotine after overnight abstinence was assessed. Dependent measures for these studies include: Gordon vigilance task (with and without distracters), word memory, PAB (performance) spontaneous EEG, evoked potentials, blood pressure, heart rate (physiologic); withdrawal scales, craving, drug liking, drug identification (subjective). Studies on the effects of smokeless tobacco products, and a newly developed denicotinized cigarette are completed. In an ongoing project, the effects of cigarettes that deliver nicotine from placebo cigarettes were tested in a spaced-smoking paradigm. In another study, the effects of the denicotinized cigarettes in a rapid smoking procedure are evaluated. These studies contribute to an understanding of the mechanisms of nicotine addiction and are also of practical value in the development of more effective medications for treating nicotine dependence and withdrawal.