Traditonal control and modern adaptation of common property resources on pasturing

随着国际社会对全球共同财产控制和管理的兴趣日益浓厚，我们试图对日本几个地方的传统控制方式进行比较，并对共同财产资源的历史转型和现代调整中的生物多样性进行考察。本研究的最终目的是通过对“公共”和“共有”两个概念的分析，揭示出现代日本共有财产资源的特征。1996年，我们在Asoh、Takayama、Kurosima和冲绳等地进行了试点调查。1997年，我们选择了黑岛和石垣岛作为主要研究地点，集中研究了共同牧场的利用和牲畜的控制系统，作为一个例子，过境共同财产资源。我们还调查了山形村作为一个比较的地方。因此，在各个地区，以下事实变得明显。与日本的传统习俗成员制牧场不同，黑岛的公共牧场是由私有财产和城镇财产相结合而形成的。他们实行共同放牧，规定只有那些在牧场内拥有私有财产的人才能加入。然而，很明显，他们一直在维护和控制作为共同财产的养牛场，利用“共同”，好像“共同”。他们所做的是在建立牧场之前和之后出售城镇财产，以获得私有财产。相比之下，山形村传统上通过成员制的方式使用天然林来实行共同放牧。然而，很明显，由于需要，它采取了一种新的方式，即通过将牧场从天然森林转移到现代公共牧场来控制牲畜。根据近年来畜牧业的现代化，对犊牛生产效率进行了研究。

With increasing international interest in control and management of global common property, we attempted to make a comparison between traditional way of control in several locations in Japan and made a survey of biodiversity of historical transition and modern adjustment of common property resources. The eventual aim of this study is to bring out the characteristics of common property resources in modern Japan, using the concept of "common", which is open to anyone for access and "communal", which only authorized member have access to.In 1996, we made a pilot survey in the following areas as ; Asoh, Takayama, and Kurosima and Okinawa. In 1997, we chose Kurosima and Ishigakijima as main research places, and made a concentrate research on the use of common pasture and the contfol system for livestock as an example of tranditional common property resources. We also surveyed Yamagatamura as a comparative place. As a result of that, the following facts became evident in each areas.Unlike the membership pasturage that has been a traditional custom in Japan, common pasture was formed by combining private and town property in Kuroshima. They practiced common pasturage regulating its membership only to those who own private property within the pasture. However it became clear that they have been maintaining and controlling the cattle ranch as common property by making use of "common" as if "communal". What they do is to sell off town property before and after the establishment of the pasturage in order to secure priveate property.In contrast, Yamagatamura traditionally had practiced common pasturing through the way of membership to use a natural forest.However, it became clear that it has adopted a new way which is to control livestock by moving a pasture from a natural forest to a modern common pasture as a result of the necessity for efficiency of calves production according to modernization of stock raising in recent years.