PARENTING AND INFANT ACTIVITY--A MULTICULTURE PERSPECTIVE

婴儿期的经历被认为会影响病程和结局。 在儿童时期的社会和智力发展，他们被归功于 文化的一些独特性。更确切地说， 历史上的跨文化发展研究表明 孩子养育方式的变化通常会影响到 儿童以后的认知表现和人际行为。家 环境被认为反映了更大的文化价值观、信仰和 风俗习惯和许多社会理论家认为，家庭 一般来说，尤其是母婴关系，可能是至关重要的 对个人的发展和对组织的基础 文化。因此，研究人员经常研究婴儿期和 母婴互动，试图解决有关 文化认同的起源和发展。当然，每个社会 已经进化出了适应自己特殊需求的育儿模式。 例如，人们普遍认为日本人和美国人在 他们心理构成的突出方面，以及某些社会因素 这两种文化的成员之间出现了智力上的差异 在生命的早期。早年关于婴儿发育性质的研究 以色列的集体农场确定了婴儿护理的许多决定性方面 --尤其是婴儿和母亲之间的密切联系--差别很大 从典型的美国经验来看。当代法国、意大利和 美国在工业水平、教育水平等方面相对相似 成就和生活水平，然而这些社会有很大的不同 在历史、社会学和文化方面。文化内比较 同样重要的是：对比利时发展的研究提供了答案 关于如何用单语和双语养育孩子的问题 环境影响认知、沟通和社会情感 发展。阿根廷将中产阶级与极端贫困人口进行了对比 饲养条件，几乎都是在南美的环境中 没有经过研究。在养育方式和婴儿活动方面存在哪些差异 在这些文化中和在这些文化之间？该项目的一个主要目的是 找出儿童养育生态的异同 阿根廷人、比利时人、法国人、以色列人、意大利人、日本人、肯尼亚人和 美国儿童。

Experiences in infancy are acknowledged to affect the course and outcome of social and mental development in childhood, and they are credited for some of the distinctiveness of culture. More specifically, cross-cultural developmental studies have historically shown that variations in childrearing styles typically have implications for children's later cognitive performance and interpersonal behavior. Home environments are thought to reflect larger cultural values, beliefs, and customs, and many social theorists have contended that the family generally, and the mother-infant relationship specifically, may be vital to development of the individual and basic to the organization of the culture. As a result, investigators have frequently studied infancy and mother-infant interaction in attempts to address questions about the origins and development of cultural identity. Of course, each society has evolved patterns of childrearing adjusted to its own special demands. For example, it is widely held that Japanese and Americans differ in prominent aspects of their psychological make-ups and that certain social and intellectual distinctions between members of these two cultures arise early in life. Previous study on the nature of infant development in Israeli kibbutzim determined that many decisive aspects of infant care -- particularly the close ties between infant and mother -- vary markedly from the typical American experience. Contemporary France, Italy, and America are relatively similar in terms of industrial level, educational attainment, and living standards, yet these societies differ considerably in terms of history, sociology, and culture. Within-culture comparisons are equally important: Studies of development in Belgium offer answers to the question of how being reared in monolingual versus bilingual environments affects cognition, communication, and socioemotional development. Argentina contrasts middle-class with extremely poor rearing conditions, all in a South American setting virtually unresearched. What differences exist in parenting and in infant activity within and across these cultures? A central purpose of this project is to identify similarities and differences in the childrearing ecologies of Argentine, Belgian, French, Israeli, Italian, Japanese, Kenyan, and U.S. American children.