14 ERA-CAPS: Mechanistic Analysis of Quantitative Disease Resistance in Brassica by Associative Transcriptomics

甘蓝型油菜是一种世界范围内的主要作物，包括多种作物类型，包括用于食用和工业用油、生物柴油、动物饲料蛋白质以及叶和根类蔬菜的油菜（OSR）。疾病是限制生产的一个主要因素，由于气候变化和欧洲即将撤出农用化学品，这一威胁正在加剧。改善疾病控制是当务之急，育种者越来越多地使用被认为是广谱和持久的定量抗病（QDR）。这项研究将确定对OSR育种最有用的QDR基因，并了解其背后的机制，从而能够预测其有效性和持久性。我们的联盟结合了主要OSR病原体的领先专业知识，抗性防御机制的最新研究以及关联遗传学的专业知识，以确定有效的QDR基因。我们的工业合作伙伴KWS将在QDR的现场部署和改良OSR品种分子育种的遗传标记开发方面提供专业知识。我们将鉴定OSR最重要的病原菌：菌核菌、黄萎病菌、黄斑细球绦虫、油菜互交菌、绿油病菌以及模式病原菌丁香假单胞菌和灰葡萄孢菌的耐药性。一个由192个不同的甘蓝型油菜品系组成的小组将在受控环境和KWS田间试验点筛选对这些病原体的抗性。学校将参与一个“公民科学”项目，并评估欧洲各地的耐药性。同样，我们将量化对保守病原体相关分子模式（PAMPs）的诱导防御反应。我们还将量化与耐药机制有关的水杨酸、木质素、苯丙素、硫代葡萄糖苷和吲哚代谢物。利用关联转录组学，我们将确定针对多种病原体的抗性基因位点，并了解这与代谢物产生和pamp触发的免疫之间的关系。为了验证它们对抗性的贡献的假设，我们纳入了对特定基因的研究。虽然硫代葡萄糖苷有助于抗性，但它们可以降低种子的质量。GTR1和GTR2是拟南芥中的转运体，控制硫代葡萄糖苷在种子中的分配。我们将测试gtr1 gtr2突变体的适合度，并在油菜（B. napus A基因组）中创建gtr TILLING突变体，以测量硫代葡萄糖苷在叶片和种子之间的分配。本研究可在不影响种子品质的前提下，培育出叶片硫代葡萄糖苷含量较高的水稻。我们将番茄受体Ve1引入甘蓝型油菜，并评估其介导黄萎病抗性的能力。这项研究将导致更可持续的OSR生产，通过降低对生物压力的脆弱性和减少对化学投入的依赖来提高生产力。

Brassica napus, a major world-wide crop, comprises a range of crop types including oilseed rape (OSR), grown for edible and industrial oil, biodiesel, protein for animal feed as well as leaf and root vegetables. Diseases are a major factor limiting production, a threat increasing due to climate change and the imminent withdrawal of agrochemicals in Europe. Improved disease control is an urgent priority and breeders are increasingly using quantitative disease resistance (QDR), which is considered broad-spectrum and durable.This research will identify the most useful QDR genes for OSR breeding and understand the mechanisms behind this to enable predictions of their effectiveness and durability. Our consortium combines the leading expertise on the major OSR pathogens, the latest research on defence mechanisms of resistance and expertise in association genetics to identify effective QDR genes. Our industrial partner, KWS, will provide expertise on deployment of QDR in the field and on the development of genetic markers for molecular breeding of improved OSR varieties.We will identify resistance to the most important pathogens of OSR: Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Verticillium spp, Leptosphaeria maculans, Alternaria brassicicola, Pyrenopeziza brassicae, and the model pathogens Pseudomonas syringae and Botrytis cinerea. A panel of 192 diverse B. napus lines will be screened for resistance against these pathogens in controlled environments and at KWS field trial sites. Schools will contribute in a 'citizen science' project and evaluate resistance at locations throughout Europe. In the same lines, we will quantify induced defence responses to conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). We will also quantify salicylic acid, lignin, phenylpropanoid, glucosinolate, and indole metabolites that are implicated in resistance mechanisms. Using association transcriptomics, we will identify resistance gene loci against multiple pathogens and understand how this relates to metabolite production and PAMP-triggered immunity.To test hypotheses about their contribution to resistance, we include studies on specific genes. Whilst glucosinolates contribute to resistance they can reduce the quality of seed. GTR1 and GTR2 are transporters in Arabidopsis that control the allocation of glucosinolates to seeds. We will test gtr1 gtr2 mutants for fitness and create gtr TILLING mutants in Brassica rapa (B. napus A genome) to measure the glucosinolate partitioning between leaves and seed. The work could enable development of OSR with high leaf glucosinolate content for resistance, without compromising seed quality. We will introduce tomato receptor Ve1 into B. napus and assess its ability to mediate resistance against Verticillium wilt. This research will lead to more sustainable production of OSR, with higher productivity through lower vulnerability to biotic stress and less reliance on chemical inputs.