PHYSIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF INVOLUNTARY MOVEMENTS

肌阵挛和其他一些快速不自主运动已经被 临床上很难分类。 A型糖尿病的临床和生理分析 持续的患者系列导致了新的分类， 病理生理学的见解 部分性癫痫患者系列 继续进行了研究;病理生理学是异质性的，但在 大多数电生理学技术可以识别脑中的可兴奋区域， 大脑皮层 一系列成人抽搐发作的患者， 分析和临床规则已制定作出这种诊断。 腭咽闭合不全患者的正电子发射断层扫描研究 肌阵挛表明下橄榄过度活跃 宠物 对hemibalimus患者的研究表明， 同侧纹状体的出现是由于 丘脑底核 在姿势动作震颤的研究中，我们一直在分析 震颤与肢体精确姿势的关系。 对于许多 震颤，如小脑姿势性震颤，震颤更严重时， 手臂靠近身体，双手指向对方。 为 其他震颤，这是不正确的，和临床和生理 这方面的重要性正在探讨中。 手部任务特异性局灶性肌张力障碍，如书写痉挛和 钢琴家的抽筋已经分析和一些生理 特征已经确定。 他似乎没有能力 独立控制手指和门控体感诱发电位 随意运动的电位异常。 痉挛本身 被描绘成不同的模式。 眨眼消失 在张力障碍性疾病中已经发现了反射。 我们已经证实了这一点 在我们自己的一些患者中，现在正在将这项测试应用于 局部手痉挛的患者。

Myoclonus and a number of other rapid involuntary movements have been difficult to classify clinically. Clinical and physiological analysis of a continuing series of patients has led to new classifications and pathophysiological insights. A series of patients with epilepsia partialis continue have been studied; the pathophysiology is heterogeneous, but in most electrophysiological techniques can identify an excitable region in cerebral cortex. A series of patients with adult onset tic have been analyzed and clinical rules have been formulated to make this diagnosis. Positron emission tomography (PET) studies of patients with palatal myoclonus have revealed that the inferior olives are hyperactive. PET studies of patients with hemiballimus have revealed that hypoactivity of the ipsilateral striatum occurs as a result of the lesion in the subthalamic nucleus. In studies of postural action tremors, we have been analyzing the amplitude of the tremor as a function of the precise posture of the limbs. For many tremors, such as cerebellar postural tremor, the tremor is worse when the arms are near the body and the hands are pointing towards each other. For other tremors this is not true, and the clinical and physiological significance of this is being explored. Task specific focal dystonias of the hands such as writer's cramp and pianist's cramp have been analyzed and a number of physiological characteristics have been defined. There appears to be diminished ability to control the fingers independently and gating of somatosensory evoked potentials with voluntary movement is abnormal. The spasms themselves have been characterized into different patterns. Abnormalities of the blink reflex have been identified in dystonic disorders. We have verified this in a number of our own patients and are now applying this test to the patients with focal hand cramps.