Pharmacologic Mechanisms And Treatment Of Nicotine Depen

尼古丁依赖的流行及其伴随的健康问题，以及吸烟者在维持戒烟方面的困难，共同使烟草依赖成为社会面临的一项重大公共卫生挑战。临床研究旨在更好地了解尼古丁依赖的病理生理学和机制，并有助于开发可能的新戒烟疗法。已经开发了几种尼古丁释放系统来帮助戒烟。其中两种，尼古丁Polacrilex和尼古丁透皮贴片，已被批准用于这一目的的非处方销售。其他为戒烟适应症开发的尼古丁递送系统，包括尼古丁鼻喷雾和尼古丁蒸气吸入器。值得注意的是，这些系统具有更快的交付速度，这一因素与更大的滥用可能性有关。因此，尽管这些系统被开发为戒烟的辅助工具，但它们本身可能会被滥用。在门诊方案中研究了一种新的戒烟治疗方法的药效学和药代动力学效应。我们发现，用玉米糖浆为基础的溶液处理香烟可以显著减少尼古丁和一氧化碳的暴露。此外，对男性和女性的影响是相似的。尼古丁在男性和女性中的药代动力学效应相似，表明吸烟和戒烟模式的性别差异不是由于尼古丁代谢的性别差异。在一项多中心临床试验中，对可逆MAO-A抑制剂贝氟沙酮的戒烟效果进行了评估。对香烟进行了初步评估。在另一项研究中，脱烟化香烟被用于快速吸烟方案，并在一项实验中作为控制条件，以测试线索对吸烟行为的影响。在最近对美国青少年吸烟的一项评估中，我们确定了倾向于或防止开始吸烟的风险和保护因素。最近，研究人员评估了吸烟对美国青少年同时吸食大麻的影响。

The prevalence of nicotine dependence, its accompanying health problems, and the difficulty users have in maintaining abstinence combine to make tobacco dependence a major public health challenge for society. Clinical studies were designed to provide a better understanding of the pathophysiology and mechanisms of nicotine dependence as well as to contribute to the development of putative new smoking cessation treatments. Several nicotine delivery systems have been developed to aid in smoking cessation. Two of these, nicotine polacrilex and nicotine transdermal patches, have been approved for over the counter sales for this purpose. Other nicotine delivery systems developed for smoking cessation indications, include a nicotine nasal spray and a nicotine vapor inhaler. These systems are notable for having a more rapid delivery rate, a factor that has been associated with greater potential for abuse. Therefore, although developed as aids for smoking cessation, such systems may be abused in their own right. The pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic effects of a new treatment for tobacco withdrawal were studied in an outpatient protocol. We found that treating cigarettes with a corn syrup-based solution significantly reduced exposure to nicotine and CO. Further, the effects were similar in men and women. Pharmacokinetic effects of nicotine were similar in men and women indicating that gender differences in patterns of smoking and tobacco withdrawal are not due to gender differences in nicotine metabolism. The effects of befloxatone, a reversible MAO-A inhibitor were evaluated for smoking cessation therapy in a multicenter clinical trial. A preliminary evaluation of cigarettes was conducted. In another study, denicotinized cigarettes were used in a rapid smoking protocol and as a control condition in an experiment to test the influence of cues on smoking behavior. In a recent evaluation of smoking among US teenagers, we have identified risk and protective factors that predispose or prevent the initiation of cigarette smoking. More recently influence of cigarette smoking on co-incident marijuana smoking among US teens was evaluated.