Developing integrated approaches for pest and disease control in horticultural field crops (IAPAD)

芜菁黄化病毒（Turnipyellowsvirus，TuYV）是甘蓝类蔬菜（Brassicaoleracea; cabbage，cauliflower，布鲁塞尔sprout，broccoli等）的重要病原。和油菜（OSR）在英国和欧洲。许多取样的作物都有很高的TuYV感染水平。与许多病毒不同，TuYV在大多数芸苔属植物中不会引起非常明显的症状（引起尖烧的贮藏卷心菜除外）。这意味着许多种植者不知道感染。尽管缺乏明显的症状，我们发现TuYV减少了白菜的产量高达36%，布鲁塞尔芽高达65%。据估计，仅在英国，OSR收益率下降就高达30%（每年损失6700万至1.8亿英镑）。TuYV可以在蔬菜芸苔、油菜和杂草之间移动，导致农作物的高感染率。一种非常常见的绿蝇（桃-马铃薯蚜虫）传播TuYV;一旦它们获得病毒，它们将终生传播。在温室实验中，我们已经确定了控制TuYV的最佳杀虫剂种子处理和喷雾剂。我们还在田间表明，不同的卷心菜和布鲁塞尔芽苗菜品种对TuYV具有不同的易感性（所有品种都易感，但有些品种比其他品种更不易感），并且植株感染越早，产量损失越大。我们还发现了一些来源的极端抗TuYV甘蓝，并一直在研究TuYV的多样性，通过确定许多菌株的遗传密码。该项目的合作者在英国各地建立了一个吸力陷阱网络，用于捕捉飞行的绿蝇。他们识别了不同的绿蝇物种，包括桃蚜，并对它们进行了计数。他们还在开发一种分子技术来检测绿蝇中的TuYV。所有这些发现都提供了将它们联合收割机结合到一个综合方案中的机会，该方案将对TuYV进行最佳控制。为了开发这种综合控制方案，我们打算在英国的两个地区进行实地试验。在一个地点，我们将引入携带TuYV的绿蝇，以提供高感染压力，在另一个地点，我们将依靠自然感染。在这些实验中，我们将分别、成对和三次应用单个组分（部分植物抗性、最佳种子处理和最佳喷雾），以量化单个和组合处理的功效。这将确定最佳组合并量化处理之间的协同作用。喷雾处理的时间将根据桃-马铃薯蚜虫飞行的时间来确定，这将从实验周围的吸力陷阱和水陷阱捕获量中得知。为了建立和改进综合方案，我们将确定我们的抗性B中对TuYV极端抗性的最佳来源。甘蓝线。这将与易感品系杂交。后代将通过用TuYV攻击植物并使用称为ELISA的定量测试来测试TuYV来测试抗性/敏感性。一些下一代植物将对TuYV易感，一些将具有抗性。通过分析这些植物的基因/染色体/RNA/DNA，并将其与植物的易感性/抗性状态进行比较，将允许开发分子标记。种子公司将利用这些技术来显著加快将抗性基因整合到商业上可接受的品种中。我们正在与先正达和陶氏合作，优化种子处理和喷雾的使用，并与Tozer、Sakata UK、Enza Zandeland和Rijk Zwaan UK种子公司合作，开发TuYV抗性。我们还与农民一起工作的大蒜和芸苔属农学家合作。通过这些合作，种植者将利用研究成果（TuYV控制综合方案和TuYV抗性的新来源），以减少蔬菜和投入中的残留物，提高产量，从而促进粮食安全。

Turnip yellows virus (TuYV) is a very important pathogen of vegetable brassicas (Latin name Brassica oleracea; cabbage, cauliflower, Brussels sprout, broccoli etc.) and oilseed rape (OSR) in the UK & Europe. Many crops sampled have had very high levels of TuYV infection. Unlike many viruses, TuYV does not cause very obvious symptoms in most brassicas (storage cabbage where it causes tipburn is the exception). This has meant many growers are unaware of the infections. Despite lack of obvious symptoms we showed that TuYV reduces the yield of cabbage by upto 36% and Brussels sprouts by upto 65%. Estimates of OSR yield reductions in the UK alone are upto 30% (losses of GBP 67-180 million/annum). TuYV can move between vegetable brassicas, oilseed rape and weeds, resulting in the high levels of infection of crops seen.A very common greenfly (peach-potato aphid) transmits TuYV; once they acquire the virus they transmit for life. In glasshouse experiments we have identified the best insecticide seed treatments and sprays for controlling TuYV. We have also shown in the field that different cabbage and Brussels sprout cultivars have different susceptibilities to TuYV (all are susceptible, but some less so than others) and that the earlier plants are infected, the greater the yield loss. We have also found a number of sources of extreme resistance to TuYV in Brassica oleracea and have been studying the diversity of TuYV by determining the genetic code of many isolates. Collaborators in the project have a network of suction traps around the UK that trap flying greenfly. They identify the different greenfly species including the peach potato aphid and count them. They are also developing a molecular technique to detect TuYV in the greenfly.All these discoveries provide the opportunity to combine them in to an integrated programme that will give optimal control of TuYV. To develop this integrated control programme we intend to do field experiments in two regions of the UK. At one location we will introduce greenfly carrying TuYV to provide high infection pressure and at the other location we will rely on natural infection. In these experiments we will apply the individual components (partial plant resistance, the best seed treatment and the best sprays) separately, in pairs and in threes in order to quantify the efficacy of individual and combined treatments. This will identify the best combinations and quantify synergy between treatments.The timing of spray treatments will be informed by when peach-potato aphids are flying, this will be known from the suction trap and water trap catches around the experiment.To build on and improve the integrated programme we will identify the best source of extreme resistance to TuYV in our resistant B. oleracea lines. This will be crossed with a susceptible line. The offspring will be tested for resistance/susceptibility by challenging plants with TuYV and testing for TuYV using a quantitative test called ELISA. Some of the next generation of plants will be susceptible to TuYV and some will be resistant. By analysing the genes/chromosomes/RNA/DNA of these plants and comparing this with the susceptibility/resistance status of the plants, it will allow the development of molecular markers. Seed companies will use these to significantly speed up the incorporation of the resistance genes into commercially acceptable varieties. We are collaborating with Syngenta and Dow in the optimal use of seed treatments and sprays and with the seed companies Tozer, Sakata UK, Enza Zaden and Rijk Zwaan UK on the TuYV resistance exploitation. We are also working with Allium and Brassica Agronomy who work with farmers. Through these collaborations the outcomes of the research (integrated programme for TuYV control and new sources of resistance to TuYV) will be exploited by growers in order to reduce residues in vegetables and inputs and increase yields, thereby contributing to food security.